79. Layering, Limestone, Why Here? Why So “Recently”? Marble Canyon, Distant Cavern Connection, Perpendicular Faults, Arching, Inner Gorge, Missing Talus, Colorado Plateau, Unusual Erosion, Nankoweap Canyon. Same as item 18.
80. Side Canyons, Barbed Canyons, Slot Canyons. Same as item 19.
81. Forces, Energy, and Mechanisms. Same as item 54.
No explanation is given for why the region west of the Grand Canyon subsided almost a mile or why the Colorado Plateau might have tipped down to the southwest—the opposite of what a subducting plate would produce.
82. Kaibab Plateau. Today, the Kaibab Plateau rise 1,700 feet higher than Hopi Lake could have been, so the Kaibab Plateau must have risen after Hopi Lake began spilling westward. (Had Hopi Lake been higher than about 6,000 feet, it would have spilled out to the north instead of over the 7,700-foot-high Kaibab Plateau to the west.)
83. Missing Mesozoic Rock. Water spilling out of Hopi Lake would not sweep off the Mesozoic rock in the funnel, south of the funnel, west of the funnel, or off the Kaibab Limestone north of the Grand Canyon, including off the high Kaibab Plateau. Also, Mesozoic rock has been removed from all around Shinumo Altar, and yet Shinumo Altar lies near the wide end of the funnel but north of where Hopi Lake’s waters would have traveled. (The Mesozoic rock in that butte was preserved because it was, and is, capped by hard rock.61) [See Figure 18 on page 243.]
84. Fossils. Same as item 23.
85. Tipped Layers below the Great Unconformity. Same as item 24.
Figure 28: You Decide. Throughout this chapter, you have seen two conflicting perspectives: (1) the Colorado River carved the Grand Canyon after somehow penetrating the high Kaibab Plateau (shown by its green forests), and (2) Grand and Hopi Lakes breached their boundaries, carved the Grand Canyon and formed many surrounding terrain features, including the high, rapidly upwarped (via the water-balloon effect) Kaibab Plateau. Subsurface water then spilled out of the suddenly elevated Kaibab Plateau, down its steep slopes and eroded side canyons and valleys north of the river. As the Grand Canyon was cut deeper and deeper, subsurface water spilled down the slopes on the south side of the river—a secondary effect that explains why more of the canyon lies north of the river. [See Figure 3 on page 227.] Also remember that the Grand Canyon extends 100 miles to the west of this picture.
Which of the above two perspectives fits the evidence? Could the Colorado River, which flows almost perpendicular to these side canyons and valleys, have carved them? Why are there no streams atop the Kaibab Plateau or the South Rim that discharge into these vast side canyons? Why does most of the Grand Canyon lie on the north side of the river? What initially cut the channel through the Kaibab Plateau that allowed the Colorado River to flow from the bottom right of this picture northwest 45 miles? Was it the Colorado River or all the water spilling out of Grand and Hopi Lakes and the subsurface water draining out of the southwestern side of the rapidly upwarped Kaibab Plateau? Is the Colorado River the cause or a consequence of the carving of the Grand Canyon?
86. Time or Intensity? Same as item 25.